This type of post-hypnotic amnesia is the most commonly used within research surrounding post-hypnotic amnesia due to its controlled nature. stimuli or events learned while under hypnosis) until they receive a reversibility cue. Suggested post-hypnotic amnesia involves the suggestion to hypnotized persons that following hypnosis they will be unable to accurately recall specific material (e.g. These results suggest that spontaneous amnesia is less common than suggested amnesia and that when high results of spontaneous amnesia are recorded, some incidences may be false. It was later found that those more susceptible to hypnosis were more susceptible to suggested post-hypnotic amnesia and not spontaneous amnesia.
Results showed that there was little spontaneous amnesia across all participants, leading to doubts towards the actual occurrence of amnesia. In one study participants were put into two groups one was to receive amnesic instructions and half were not given the instructions. Spontaneous amnesia has also been difficult to determine as research bias has been found to influence in many cases. This form of amnesia can also be experienced across susceptibility groups, but to a much lesser extent and magnitude to suggested post-hypnotic amnesia. Spontaneous post-hypnotic amnesia represents a slight memory impairment that results as a consequence of being put under hypnosis or being tested. Spontaneous and suggested post-hypnotic amnesia can occur or be induced in an individual.įor most of the 19th century, investigators reported that post-hypnotic amnesia only occurred spontaneously as scientific knowledge regarding this form of amnesia was minimal. Nevertheless, these same individuals had no conscious memory of where they learned this material. In one study hypnotized individuals were taught answers to obscure facts and when brought out of their hypnotized states, one third of the individuals were able to produce the correct answers. In the mid-1960s, Evan and Thorn produced studies on source amnesia. Hull's work showed that there was dissociation between explicit memory and implicit memory through studies on proactive interference and retroactive interference, pair associations and complex mental addition. Some of the earliest experimental studies on post-hypnotic amnesia were done by Clark Hull (1933). However, dissociation theory was put aside for Freud's psychoanalytic theory and the rise of behaviourism until Ernest Hilgard renewed its study in the 1970s. It was hypothesized that this was due to the dissociation of the ideas from the rest of the individual's consciousness. Charcot showed that if an individual (through post-hypnotic suggestion) self-suggested that they had a psychological trauma, those who were neurologically susceptible would display symptoms of psychological trauma.
Charcot introduced three states of hypnosis: fatigue, catalepsy, and somnambulism, or sleepwalking it was within this last state that Charcot believed individuals could be communicated to and could respond to suggestions. Similarly, 19th century French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot focused solely on post-hypnotic amnesia. When French physician Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault published a book on hypnotism in 1866 he proposed that post-hypnotic amnesia was a "symptom" and a varying degree of hypnotism. Recognizing the importance of this power, Puységur soon began treating those who were ill with induced amnesia. When working with his subject Victor, Puységur noticed that when Victor would come out of hypnosis he would have amnesia for everything that had happened during the session. Post-hypnotic amnesia was first discovered by Marquis de Puységur in 1784.
It has been suggested that inconsistencies in methodologies used to study post-hypnotic amnesia cause varying results. This makes post-hypnotic amnesia similar to psychogenic amnesia as it disrupts the retrieval process of memory. Nevertheless, memories may return when presented with a pre-arranged cue. Individuals who are experiencing post-hypnotic amnesia cannot have their memories recovered once put back under hypnosis and is therefore not state dependent. This can be achieved by giving individuals a suggestion during hypnosis to forget certain material that they have learned either before or during hypnosis. Post-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis.
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